Muscle Questions - Set #1

1) Define Tone in muscles.
2) What do we call a motor unit?
3) How do you define smooth muscle movements?

4) What occurs when a muscle sheath is depolarized?
a) The membrane allows nutrients to enter the cell.
b) The cytoplasm is flooded with calcium ions
c) The H-line lengthens and the muscle tone is increased.

5) T/F – Functional unit of a skeletal muscle is called a sarcolemma.

6) The boundaries of a functional unit of a skeletal muscle is called:
a) A-Line
b) I-Line
c) Z-Line
d) H-Line

7) T/F – Muscles create heat by aerobic respiration in mitochondria.

8) Muscles can be named by their shapes. Give the Latin term that would indicate the following shapes of muscles:
a) Long
b) Lateral
c) Diagonal
d) Triangular
e) Saw-toothed
f) Diamond
g) Circular

9) Which is more mobile – insertion or origin of the muscle?
10) What is another name for rhomboidus major?
11) When naming a muscle by the origin and insertion, which begins the name – origin or insertion?
12) T/F – As you age, the number of muscle cells increases.
13) T/F –The type and number of muscle cells is determined by your diet and exercise patterns.
14) T/F –If a muscle is cut, it will become flaccid and atrophy.
15) T/F –If you do exercises that contract your muscles without changing the length, you are doing isotonic exercises.
16) T/F – One muscle can have areas of contractions and relaxations occur at the same time.

17) The number of mitochondria in the average muscle cell is:
a) 1000
b) 250
c) 500
d) 300
e) 3500

18) T/F – Smooth muscles contain sarcomeres.

19) A neuromuscular unit consist of :
a) Fused myoblasts with peripheral nuclei
b) Satellite cells and muscle cells
c) Muscle cell and nerve cell
d) Tensor and relaxor nerves
e) Extensors and adductors

20) T/F – Quadraceps femoris extends the knee.

Autopsy #2

Weel, test #2 was what Mr. Trench promised in review - all reasonable questions of data covered in class. Too bad I couldn't remember all the answers. I do think the key version of the test is a nice mind-jogger if you really do study though. I switched from short answer to key mid-way since I ended up with a little test anxiety during the practicum and my brain shut down. The key ended up being like a big-people security blanket. But I may have shocked myself again since I found out I got a B on the first test (It still sucked - lol)

Next stop - Kut-up Kitty goes to Penn State....link at the top of page with the other links...

Hand Bones

Tip: Want an easy way to remember the carpal bones?!?

Remember this...

Naughty (Navicular)

Lovers (Lunate)

Try (Triquetral)

Positions (Pisiform)

That (Trapezium)

They (Trapezoid)

Can't (Capitate)

Handle (Hamate)

Part 1 - Review from Class - Integument, Skeleton & Articulations

Brief notes/ topic outline from class as I recorded them.
Test make-up - Lecture - Scantron - 100 questions
Lab Test - 51 fill in blank questions (key vs no key)

1. What is function of Skeleton? Support, protection, storage of minerals

2. Function of integument.

3. Layers of integument
* Hypodermis (sub-Q) not part of epidermis


4. Layers of dermis, epidermis & functions

5. Know cells found in skin - discussed melanocytes and keratinocytes

6. Color of skin - what causes coloration variants

7. Suntan vs health - vitamin D and skin cancer

8. Squamous cells

10. Dandruff - larger flakes than dander because hair follicles hold onto it longer and it comes off in "chunks"

11. Tactile/pressure sensors in skin
Deep dermis - type of cell - pressure (Langerhon's?)
Papillary - type of cells - tactile - (Merkel's?)
Ques - which is more sensitive - hairy skin or hairless skin? (ans - hairy)

12. Exocrine glands
Sweat - merocrine, apocrine
Sebatious - holocrine
Seruminous/wax

13. Functions of waxy secretions - lubrication, water-proofing

14. Distribution of sweat glands
lactiferous glands (mammary)
exolactation glands
Eccrum glands (seruminous?)

15. Hypodermis holds hair in place with all supporting structures

16. Dermis stretched = damages collagin fibers (Stretch marks)
Elastin/elastic fibers - loose skin

17. Most vascularized level of dermis - papillary

18. When you get old, osteoporisis
Rickettes = spongy, underderveloped bones in kids

19. Common fractures: greenstick, simple, spiral, stree (running), Colle's, Pott's, compound, transverse

20. Epiphysial plate - location and function

21. Nutrient arteries (AKA perforating arteries or Volkmann's arteries) - found in central/Haversian canals

22. Parts of bone structure
Osteon, Sharpy's fibers, perforating arteries, bone ivory

23. Classify bones how?
Long bone - humerus
short bone - carpals
irregular bones - vertebra
flat bones - ribs, cranial bones
sesamoidal bones - patella
Wormian/suture bones - not true bones

24. Puberty and bone growth factors
acromegaly - exxagerated growth
Giants - why? Epiphysial plate didn't fuse early enough

25. What attaches bone to bone and bone to cartilage?

26. Bone found in tendon?
What is a bursa?
27. Osteoclast – breaks down bony matrix
Osteoblast – creates bone cells
Osteocyte – mature bone cells found in lacuna

28. How do bones regulate growth? Altering osteoblast/osteoclast activity

29. what creates periosteium?

30. What kind of growth allows bones to become wider in diameter? Apositional growth by creating more osteons

31. Two main methods by which bone is created?
Endochondral ossification – long bones
Exomembranal ossification – flat bones

32. Size of vertabrae and major landmarks including: transverse foramen, transverse lines, ala, coccyx, sacral foramen, hiatus, sacral cornu

33. Numbers of types of bones:

33a. Occipital bone; manubrium/body/xiphoid process

34. Three story questions found in Lecture Notes #% on page 8.

35. Which blood cells are produced in the bone marrow? (all)

36. Middle ear - porous bone (part of ear most damaged by whooping cough
Stapes – most delicate of auditory ossicles
Malleus on end
Incus in-between

37. Causes of common headaches – sinusitis, stress, muscle tension

38. Alveolar bone – gumphosis – 32 permanent teeth

39. Know common sutures in skull
Lambdoidal, squamous, coronal, parietal, etc.

40. Nasal conche are part of which bone? (Ethmoidal)

41. Know numbers and types of ribs
Floating 2 pair
True – 7 pair
False – 5 pairs

42. Reviewed Foot & wrist bones

43. What makes a true rib “true”?

44. Reviewed volmer bone articulations

45. Joint planes of rotation
I.e. gleno-humoral – triaxial

46. With what surface does the head of the humerus articulate?
Note: fossa=valley, fobia=pit

47. Other than aural bones, smallest bone in skull – lacrimal

48. Landmarks on long bones…

49. Function of fontanels and names of them.

50. Function and origin of dens

51. Reviewed bones of orbital socket.

52. Name largest foramen and which bones are it composed of?

53. Nuchal line in occipital

54. Heels=dorsal flexion
Toes=plantar flexion
Extension vs. Flexion
Adduction vs. abduction
Inversion vs eversion
Protraction vs. retraction

55. Arthritis – rheumatoid vs. osteoarthritis cause

56. Most injuries (sports) – cruciates
Tendons, ligaments and surrounding tissues stabilize joints

57. Shoulder dislocations - joints vs. planes of motion

58. Synovial fluids are lubricate, transport nutrients and protective (cartilage is dependent on surrounding tissues for nutrients.)

59. Gumphosis – joint that holds teeth in place

60. Name that bone game – see questions below.

61. As you age, bones become less occified.

62. Interchondular eminance

63. Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

Study Session at Catalina's on Sunday, July 3

Catalina's Coffee Company is located at 126 North Catalina Avenue Redondo Beach, CA 90277 (310)-318-2499 - Website is http://www.catalinacoffee.com/.

Patti and I will be there from 11am to 4pm today.