Part 1 - Review from Class - Integument, Skeleton & Articulations

Brief notes/ topic outline from class as I recorded them.
Test make-up - Lecture - Scantron - 100 questions
Lab Test - 51 fill in blank questions (key vs no key)

1. What is function of Skeleton? Support, protection, storage of minerals

2. Function of integument.

3. Layers of integument
* Hypodermis (sub-Q) not part of epidermis


4. Layers of dermis, epidermis & functions

5. Know cells found in skin - discussed melanocytes and keratinocytes

6. Color of skin - what causes coloration variants

7. Suntan vs health - vitamin D and skin cancer

8. Squamous cells

10. Dandruff - larger flakes than dander because hair follicles hold onto it longer and it comes off in "chunks"

11. Tactile/pressure sensors in skin
Deep dermis - type of cell - pressure (Langerhon's?)
Papillary - type of cells - tactile - (Merkel's?)
Ques - which is more sensitive - hairy skin or hairless skin? (ans - hairy)

12. Exocrine glands
Sweat - merocrine, apocrine
Sebatious - holocrine
Seruminous/wax

13. Functions of waxy secretions - lubrication, water-proofing

14. Distribution of sweat glands
lactiferous glands (mammary)
exolactation glands
Eccrum glands (seruminous?)

15. Hypodermis holds hair in place with all supporting structures

16. Dermis stretched = damages collagin fibers (Stretch marks)
Elastin/elastic fibers - loose skin

17. Most vascularized level of dermis - papillary

18. When you get old, osteoporisis
Rickettes = spongy, underderveloped bones in kids

19. Common fractures: greenstick, simple, spiral, stree (running), Colle's, Pott's, compound, transverse

20. Epiphysial plate - location and function

21. Nutrient arteries (AKA perforating arteries or Volkmann's arteries) - found in central/Haversian canals

22. Parts of bone structure
Osteon, Sharpy's fibers, perforating arteries, bone ivory

23. Classify bones how?
Long bone - humerus
short bone - carpals
irregular bones - vertebra
flat bones - ribs, cranial bones
sesamoidal bones - patella
Wormian/suture bones - not true bones

24. Puberty and bone growth factors
acromegaly - exxagerated growth
Giants - why? Epiphysial plate didn't fuse early enough

25. What attaches bone to bone and bone to cartilage?

26. Bone found in tendon?
What is a bursa?
27. Osteoclast – breaks down bony matrix
Osteoblast – creates bone cells
Osteocyte – mature bone cells found in lacuna

28. How do bones regulate growth? Altering osteoblast/osteoclast activity

29. what creates periosteium?

30. What kind of growth allows bones to become wider in diameter? Apositional growth by creating more osteons

31. Two main methods by which bone is created?
Endochondral ossification – long bones
Exomembranal ossification – flat bones

32. Size of vertabrae and major landmarks including: transverse foramen, transverse lines, ala, coccyx, sacral foramen, hiatus, sacral cornu

33. Numbers of types of bones:

33a. Occipital bone; manubrium/body/xiphoid process

34. Three story questions found in Lecture Notes #% on page 8.

35. Which blood cells are produced in the bone marrow? (all)

36. Middle ear - porous bone (part of ear most damaged by whooping cough
Stapes – most delicate of auditory ossicles
Malleus on end
Incus in-between

37. Causes of common headaches – sinusitis, stress, muscle tension

38. Alveolar bone – gumphosis – 32 permanent teeth

39. Know common sutures in skull
Lambdoidal, squamous, coronal, parietal, etc.

40. Nasal conche are part of which bone? (Ethmoidal)

41. Know numbers and types of ribs
Floating 2 pair
True – 7 pair
False – 5 pairs

42. Reviewed Foot & wrist bones

43. What makes a true rib “true”?

44. Reviewed volmer bone articulations

45. Joint planes of rotation
I.e. gleno-humoral – triaxial

46. With what surface does the head of the humerus articulate?
Note: fossa=valley, fobia=pit

47. Other than aural bones, smallest bone in skull – lacrimal

48. Landmarks on long bones…

49. Function of fontanels and names of them.

50. Function and origin of dens

51. Reviewed bones of orbital socket.

52. Name largest foramen and which bones are it composed of?

53. Nuchal line in occipital

54. Heels=dorsal flexion
Toes=plantar flexion
Extension vs. Flexion
Adduction vs. abduction
Inversion vs eversion
Protraction vs. retraction

55. Arthritis – rheumatoid vs. osteoarthritis cause

56. Most injuries (sports) – cruciates
Tendons, ligaments and surrounding tissues stabilize joints

57. Shoulder dislocations - joints vs. planes of motion

58. Synovial fluids are lubricate, transport nutrients and protective (cartilage is dependent on surrounding tissues for nutrients.)

59. Gumphosis – joint that holds teeth in place

60. Name that bone game – see questions below.

61. As you age, bones become less occified.

62. Interchondular eminance

63. Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis