End of Class - Thanks be to HaShem

Thank goodness we all survived Anatomy Class. If I do not see you in Physiology Class next semester - good luck and blessings to you in all your future accomplishments. Have a great summer!

Tamarah

Circulatory System Review Questions

Review Questions

1. Discuss the function(s) of the circualtory systems

2. What are the components of the circulatory system?

3. Discuss the similarities between an artery and a vein.

4. What are the two categories of valves found in the human heart? Discuss their functions. Give the specific names of the individual valves from these two categories and indicate where they are found.

5.Trace the path that the blood follows in systemic and pulmonary circulation.

6. Define pericardium?

7. Discuss the structure of the heart and how its structure follows the function of the heart.

8. What is blood pressure? Discuss systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.

9. Choose a term that best matches or completes the following statements

a. Protective membrane around the heart
b. Carries blood to the lungs
c. transports blood out of the heart to the body
d. keeps blood from flowing back into the right atrium
e. keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
f. disease where fatty substance builds up on artery walls
g. contraction of ventricles
h. relaxation of ventricles
i. movement of blood from heart to lungs and back to the heart

j. movement of blood heart to body cells and back to the heart
k. chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
l. pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
m. the blood vessels that supply the heart with nutrients and oxygen
n. transports oxygenated blood to the heart
o. high blood pressure
p. specialized tissue that regulates the heartbeat
q. chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body
l. chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body

10. Match the following statements with the appropriate blood vessel
a. smallest blood vessel
b. thickest
c. greatest pressure
d. valves present
e. usually deep within the body
f. carries on exchange of materials

g. cholesterol deposits here
h. classification of aorta
i. carries blood away from the heart
j. classification of vena cavae
k. carries blood to the heart
l. meeting point of venous and arterial system

11. Match the following statement with the appropriate blood component(s).
a. greatest in number
b. have a nucleus
c. transport oxygen
d. function in blood clotting
e. largest in size
f. liquid portion of blood
g. change prothrombin into thrombin

h. amoeba-like: surround and digest foreign material
i. contain hemoglobin
j. produce antibodies
k. attack bacteria
l. too few: anemia
m. too many: leukemia
n. 55% of blood

Blood and Lymph: Choos a term that best matches or completes the following statements
a. clumping of blood cells
b. universal donor
c. universal recipient
d. people with the Rh factor are __?__
e. chemicals that attack and neutralize foreign substances
f. any molecule that causes the synthesis of antibodies when that molecule enters another organism

g. a network of vessels that returns tissue fluid to the blood
h. disease characterized by runaway production of white blood cells
i. disease characterized by severe shortage of hemoglobin
j. enlarged structure containing white blood cells that attack disease
k. enzyme in blood necessary for clotting to occur
l. technical name for white blood cell

Okay, ten more and then I go to sleep....

1. Pepsinogin is created by ________________________.

2. The ______________ is the only sterile part of the stomach.

3. The external anal spincter is a _____________________ and the internal anal sphincter is an __________________ muscle.

4. There are four lobes in the liver. Name them.

5. There are ___ lobes in the right lung and ____ lobes in the left lung. The difference is because of what?

6. Kidneys are held in place by ____________________.

7. Sperm form in the _______________ _________ and are nurtured and protected by

secretions from the __________________________ ___________.

8. Ejection occurs through the ______________ ___________.

9. The ________ ________________ changes permiability of ovum after fertilization by sperm.

10. The ________ _______________ produces progestins after ovulation.

Fill in the Blanks

1. Reduced fluid losses in urine due to the reduction of sodium ions and water is the result of the action of: _______________________________.

2. Five functions of the respiratiory system are:
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.


3. Air pressure is lower in which - the lung or pleural cavity (outside of lung)?


4. Which gas can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the medulla oblongata - causing unconsciousness or death? __________

5. Which type of heart failure can cause pulonary edema - right or left?

6. What type of patient would have no residual air in their lungs? ______________

7. What type of peristalsis happens in the lower intestinal tract? ______________

8. Archebald's plexis is part of which nervous system? ________________________

9. In the small intestine, villae are for ____________________ and pits are for ______________________.

10. In the stomach, the cardiac sphincter is a _________________ sphincter while the phyloric sphincter is a ______________ sphincter.

Just T/F Questions:

1. Tracheal rings completely encircle the trachea.
2. Main task of stmach is for chemical digestion.
3. Pancreatic juice production is controlled by baroreceptors in the muscularis mucosa of the stomach.

4. The stomach produces "intrinsic factor" which is essential for proper absorption of vitamin B-12.

5. One way to avoid developing gallstones is to eat a diet low in fatty foods.
6. A triad is made up of a hepatic artery, hepatic vein and a bile duct.
7. In general, a person has between 100-250 nephrons in one kidney.
8. Urine is made up of 80% bacteria, fats and sugars.
9. Approximately 20-25% of all cardiac output goes to the kidneys.
10. The main mucus producing cells in the nasal conchea are goblet cells.

One of these things is not like the other...

Pick out the one item that doesn't belong in the grouping:

1. Glans, epididymis, fimbriae Cowper's gland
2. Arcuate blood vessel, efferent arteriole, interlobar blood vessel, rugae
3. sigmoid colon, pouch of Douglas, jejunem, ilium, ceacum
4. Scrotum, mons pubis, hymen, fornix
5. Cardia, fundus, haustra, greater curvature
6. Lacteal, intestinal crypt, lamina propria, falciform ligament, plicae
7. Wirsung's duct, vermiform appendix, splenic flexure, rectum
8. Common bile duct, common hepatic duct, lesser curvature, Wirsing's duct
9. Parotid, pylorus, sublingual, submandibular
10. Dentin, gingival sulcus, circular ligaments, cementum

Questions for Test #5

My apologies for not posting questions last week. Life got in the way and it just didn't happen. (And it showed on my test -- g-r-r-r!)

Good luck. Study groups will be meeting tomorrow (Sunday) at Catalina's Coffee House at 11am and Border's in Torrance (on Hawthorne Blvd.) at 3pm.

Muscles - True/False Question Answers

Answers:
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. T
10. F

Muscle Questions - #2

Answers:
1) Skeletal muscle is described by all of the following EXCEPT:
d) autorhythmic

2) The walls of hollow organs and some blood vessels contain this muscle tissue:
d) smooth

3) Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle tissue:

c) has intercalated discs

4) Approximately what percentage of body heat is generated by muscle tissue:
d) 85%

5) A muscle fascicle is a:
c) bundle of muscle fibers

6) The smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle is a:
a) sarcomere

7) The major regulatory proteins in muscle tissue are:
d) troponin and tropomyosin

8) Which of the following actions is caused by skeletal muscle:
d) eye movements

9) Which of the following does NOT occur in a muscle during contraction:
b) muscle fibers stretch

10) This process aids in skeletal muscle relaxation after contraction:
c) acetylcholinesterease degrades acetylcholine

11) The stiffness of muscle tissue in rigor mortis partially results from:
b) excessive calcium release in muscle

12) A single motor neuron may innervate as few as 3-5 fibers in muscles of the:
c) eye

13) When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron:
b) acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft

14) Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in:
c) excessive, continuous stimulation of the muscle fiber


15) Curare, a toxin, blocks the acetylcholine receptors on muscle tissue. This would result in:
b) inability of the muscle to respond to motor nerve stimulus

16) Training excersizes such as jogging, swimming and aerobics have this effect on skeletal muscle tissue:
a) increase number of mitochondria per muscle fiber

17) Muscular dystrophy is a congenital disorder characterized by
a) skeletal muscle degeneration

18) Which of the following disorders is characterized by painful musculoskeletal "tender points":
a) fibromyalgia

19) Anabolic steroids have all these effects except:
c) increases number of muscles in the body


20) Which of the following statements regarding aging and the muscular system is true:
a) aging is associated with decreased myoglobin production

Answers - Muscle Questions - #1

1. State of a muscle at rest.
2. Muscle cell and controlling neuron
3. Muscle cells are recruited in sequence rather than simultaneously.
4. Cytoplasm is flooded with Ca++ ions
5. False - sarcomere
6. Z-line
7. False - Muscle cell movement creates heat by friction.
8. Long - longus
Lateral - lateralis
diagonal - oblique
triangular - deltoid
saw-toothed - serrated
diamond - pyramidis
circular - orbicularis
wide - lattisimus

9. Insertion
10. rhomboidus thoracicus
11. origin
12. False
13. False - heredity
14. True
15. False - isometric
16. False - remember the "all-or-nothing" principle
17. 300
18. True
19. muscle cell and nerve cell
20. True (poplitius locks and unlocks the knee)

Remember the organizational order (smallest to largest) for muscles:
sarcomere --> myofibril--->muscle fiber--> muscle fascicle-->skeletal muscle

Muscle Questions - Set #3

1) Skeletal muscle is described by all of the following EXCEPT:
a) striated
b) voluntary
c) multinucleate
d) autorhythmic

2) The walls of hollow organs and some blood vessels contain this muscle tissue:
a) striated
b) skeletal
c) cardiac
d) smooth

3) Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle tissue:
a) is involuntary
b) is non-striated
c) has intercalated discs
d) contains smooth muscle tissue

4) Approximately what percentage of body heat is generated by muscle tissue:
a) 15%
b) 30%
c) 55%
d) 85%
e) 98%

5) A muscle fascicle is a:
a) bundle of myofibrils
b) bundle of connective tissue
c) bundle of muscle fibers
d) muscle cell

6) The smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle is a:
a) sarcomere
b) motor unit
c) synapse
d) thin filament

7) The major regulatory proteins in muscle tissue are:
a) myosin and tropomyosin
b) myosin and actin
c) actin and troponin
d) troponin and tropomyosin

8) Which of the following actions is caused by skeletal muscle:
a) constriction of blood vessels
b) heartbeat
c) dilation of pupil
d) eye movements

9) Which of the following does NOT occur in a muscle during contraction:
a) thick and thin filaments bind to each other
b) muscle fibers stretch
c) thick and thin filaments "slide" past each other
d) muscle fibers shorten

10) This process aids in skeletal muscle relaxation after contraction:
a) calcium is released from intracellular storage sites
b) motor neurons send electrical signal to muscle
c) acetylcholinesterease degrades acetylcholine
d) troponin binds calcium

11) The stiffness of muscle tissue in rigor mortis partially results from:
a) excessive acetycholine activity on muscle
b) excessive calcium release in muscle
c) excessive lactic acid build up
d) excessive contraction of the fibers

12) A single motor neuron may innervate as few as 3-5 fibers in muscles of the:
a) upper arms
b) legs
c) eye
d) heart

13) When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron:
a) calcium is released inside of the muscle fiber
b) acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
c) acetylcholinesterease is released into the synaptic cleft
d) physical contact between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber occurs

14) Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in:
a) decrease acetylcholine production by the motor neuron
b) relaxation of the muscle fiber
c) excessive, continuous stimulation of the muscle fiber
d) inability of the motor neuron to stimulate the muscle fiber

15) Curare, a toxin, blocks the acetylcholine receptors on muscle tissue. This would result in:
a) increased stimulation of the muscle fiber
b) inability of the muscle to respond to motor nerve stimulus
c) contraction of the muscle fiber
d) excessive contractions and convulsions

16) Training excersizes such as jogging, swimming and aerobics have this effect on skeletal muscle tissue:
a) increase number of mitochondria per muscle fiber
b) increase number of muscle fibers
c) increase number of motor units
d) increase number of skeletal muscles

17) Muscular dystrophy is a congenital disorder characterized by
a) skeletal muscle degeneration
b) excessive convulsions
c) shaking and trembling
d) only cardiac damage

18) Which of the following muscular disorders characterized by painful musculoskeletal "tender points":
a) fibromyalgia
b) myasthenia gravis
c) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
d) Becker muscular dystrophy

19) Anabolic steroids have all these effects except:
a) builds muscle proteins
b) increases muscle strength
c) increases number of muscles in the body
d) can result in liver cancer and heart disease

20) Which of the following statements regarding aging and the muscular system is true:
a) aging is associated with decreased myoglobin production
b) the effects of aging can be nearly completely reversed
c) satellite cells increase in aging causing fibrosis
d) young persons have more adipose in muscles compared to elderly persons

True/False Questions - Muscles

1. The troponin and tropomyosin system is bound to actin molecules.
2. The troponin and tropomyosin system has calcium ions attached to it.
3. Acetyl Choline (ACh) molecules are located in the receptors on the motor end plate.
4. The myosin cross bridges come in contact with the actin molecules.
5. Calcium is in high concentration in the SR - and low concentration inside the muscle cell.
6. The troponin and tropomyosin system is bound to the motor end plate.
7. Acetyl Choline ester-ase (AChE) is secreted by the motor neuron.
8. Protein molecules inside a sarcomere , such as actin and myosin, are longer when a muscle cell is relaxed, as compared to when it is contracted.
9. The motor neuron does NOT secrete any NTS in order to activate relaxation.
10. There are NTSs in the receptors on the motor end plate.

Web link to answers: http://www.msjensen.gen.umn.edu/webanatomy/wa_muscle/wa_muscle_relax_1.htm#there%20are%20any

Muscle Questions - Set #1

1) Define Tone in muscles.
2) What do we call a motor unit?
3) How do you define smooth muscle movements?

4) What occurs when a muscle sheath is depolarized?
a) The membrane allows nutrients to enter the cell.
b) The cytoplasm is flooded with calcium ions
c) The H-line lengthens and the muscle tone is increased.

5) T/F – Functional unit of a skeletal muscle is called a sarcolemma.

6) The boundaries of a functional unit of a skeletal muscle is called:
a) A-Line
b) I-Line
c) Z-Line
d) H-Line

7) T/F – Muscles create heat by aerobic respiration in mitochondria.

8) Muscles can be named by their shapes. Give the Latin term that would indicate the following shapes of muscles:
a) Long
b) Lateral
c) Diagonal
d) Triangular
e) Saw-toothed
f) Diamond
g) Circular

9) Which is more mobile – insertion or origin of the muscle?
10) What is another name for rhomboidus major?
11) When naming a muscle by the origin and insertion, which begins the name – origin or insertion?
12) T/F – As you age, the number of muscle cells increases.
13) T/F –The type and number of muscle cells is determined by your diet and exercise patterns.
14) T/F –If a muscle is cut, it will become flaccid and atrophy.
15) T/F –If you do exercises that contract your muscles without changing the length, you are doing isotonic exercises.
16) T/F – One muscle can have areas of contractions and relaxations occur at the same time.

17) The number of mitochondria in the average muscle cell is:
a) 1000
b) 250
c) 500
d) 300
e) 3500

18) T/F – Smooth muscles contain sarcomeres.

19) A neuromuscular unit consist of :
a) Fused myoblasts with peripheral nuclei
b) Satellite cells and muscle cells
c) Muscle cell and nerve cell
d) Tensor and relaxor nerves
e) Extensors and adductors

20) T/F – Quadraceps femoris extends the knee.

Autopsy #2

Weel, test #2 was what Mr. Trench promised in review - all reasonable questions of data covered in class. Too bad I couldn't remember all the answers. I do think the key version of the test is a nice mind-jogger if you really do study though. I switched from short answer to key mid-way since I ended up with a little test anxiety during the practicum and my brain shut down. The key ended up being like a big-people security blanket. But I may have shocked myself again since I found out I got a B on the first test (It still sucked - lol)

Next stop - Kut-up Kitty goes to Penn State....link at the top of page with the other links...